Transplantations of the autologous hematopoietic cell have been performed in the Czech Republic since 1993. Their total number has increased during the past ten years from 43 to more than three hundred procedures annually. Presented article describes, how the indications for autologous transplants have gradually changed according to the accumulating scientific evidence and it also gives examples of Czech researchers contributing to the advances in this field. Currently, autologous transplants belong to the standard treatment of a number of hemato-oncological diseases and further studies, both national and international, are being performed in Czech Republic. Their aim is to improve this role of the treatment modality in the global care for patients with these diagnoses.

        Key words: autologous transplantation, peripheral hematopoietic cells, lymphoma, myeloma, leukemia, autoimmune diseases, solid tumors.