This study presents a reviewof neurologic complications in the course of primary HIV-1 infection (PHI). Despite the low prevalence of HIV-1 infection in the Czech Republic, we can estimate that several tens of cases of acute neuroinfections with HIV-1 etiology appear in the country each year. Most of PHIs are diagnosed late. Most frequent neurologic complications of PHI include aseptic meningitis, acute polyradiculoneuritis and paresis of the facial nerve. Diagnosis is based on a collection of typical symptoms and laboratory findings. In the initial stage of the disease, when serum anti-HIV antibodies are still negative, it is most important to directly test for viral RNA or p24 protein.Making the diagnosis early is important both for the patient (early initiation of HAART slows down disease progression) and for epidemiological reasons (especially prevention of professional transmission).

        Key words: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, HIV-1 primary infection, human, viral load, therapy, pathophysiology, pathological findings