The authors present a historical survey of the development of surgical techniques for establishment of tracheostomy. The introduction summarizes historical knowledge about tracheostomy. The interventions securing inflow of air into the lungs are considered as one of basic operations. The authors present a survey of principles for surgical formation of tracheostomy. Possible complications of tracheostomy and tracheopuncture are summarized. The discussion summarizes results published so far as well as experience with some techniques of securing the respiratory pathways free. The authors consider these data as important for both pregraduate and postgraduate training and education of physicians. Indications of tracheostomy and method for the intervention should always be carefully evaluated in view of possible risk and complications for patient.

        Key words: tracheostomy/tracheotomy, tracheal puncture, indications, historical survey.