The article describes the occurrence of anthrax in cattle, horses, sheep, goats and pigs in Czechoslovakia (now in Czech Republic and Slovak Republic) from 1910 to 1965. Anthrax occurred in 7207 courtyards in Czech Republic (Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia) from 1910 to 1934 – the most frequently in cattle (93.0 %), horses (4.6 %), pigs (1.4 %), goats (0.6 %) and sheep (0.4 %). Occurrence of the disease was more frequent in Slovakia (Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ukraine) between 1921 and 1934. There was an evidence of 18613 courtyards with anthrax. The disease predominated in cattle (92.6 %), horses (4.1%) and sheep (2.5 %). There were 5129 courtyards with anthrax in evidence in Czechoslovakia between 1946 and 1965. The occurrence was more frequent in Slovakia, there were 4548 courtyards in evidence (88.6 %). There was the highest occurrence in summer, with the peak fromJune to September. The occurrence was related to grazing animals at infected pastures. Themaincause ofmore frequent occurrence ofanthrax in foodanimals inSlovakia and Transcarpathian Ukrainecompared to Czech countrieswasthe fact that dead animals were not burried deep enough but were burried under the surface. Later on, there was a directive to burn the dead animals, but this measure was not followed consistently at many places. Unregulated rivers which flooded vast pastures and land nearly every year were the other reason.

        Key words: anthrax – food animals – history of occurrence – the period between 1910 and 1965