This postgraduate communication deals with the problems of strabismus and amblyopia in children from the point of view of detection of patients in pediatric preventive examinations. Screening examinations of strabismus by means of Brückner corneal light reflux test are recommended and the technique for the examination of visual acuity in individual age periods is explained. The author draws attention to necessary close cooperation with parents and their active participation in orthoptic and pleoptic care. The communication includes a chapter about physiology of vision and evaluation of individual stages. The author outlines the techniques of orthoptic examination procedure in the ophthalmologist's consulting room. Basic kinds of strabismus and the ways of conservative and surgical therapy are documented. All diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are aimed to be finished before the child enters the school education.

        Key words: strabismus in children, amblyopia, physiology of vision, surgical treatment of strabismus, conservative therapy of strabismus, orthoptics, pleoptics, refraction defects