Primary brain lymphoma is a rare neoplasm, and this is why its diagnosis is often missed in clinical practice. The first part of the article deals with a review of the literature. The authors try to give a comprehensive survey of occurrence, diagnostics and therapy of this tumour with emphasis on its specific features which arouse suspicion of this disease. These are in particular a high incidence in the immunocompromised population, specificity of CT and MR examination respectively. The specificity means frequent subependymal or subarachnoidal localization, high rate of multifocal lesions, homoge- neous postcontrast enhancement, mild midline shift in relation to tumour volume, other frequent coincidences are the following: concomitant involvement of eye structures the possibility of, regression after antioedematous glucocorticoid medication administration and others. And yet, timely and correct diagnosis definition including the immunophenotyping and lege artis treatment are of basic importance for the duration and the quality of the patient’s subsequent servival. The second part of the article describes the authors’ experience with the treatment of primary brain lymphoma, stressing the fact that the management of these patients is often far from the optimal.

        Key words: brain tumours, primary brain lymphoma, stereotactic biopsy, radiotherapy, computed tomography, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome